B1 · Reflexive verbs, each other and es · about 15 min
The many uses of es
Das Wort es
Es can mean "it", be the subject for weather and time, or just fill position 1: Heute regnet es.
Learn first:Personal pronouns in the nominativeMain clause: verb in position 2es gibt (there is / there are)
Five kinds of es
| Function type | Role in sentence | Can it be deleted? | Example sentence |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Personal pronoun | Replaces a das-noun | No | Das Auto ist neu. Es fährt leise. → Gestern fuhr es leise. |
| 2. Fixed subject | Weather, time | No | Es regnet heute. → Heute regnet es. |
| 3. Fixed phrase | es gibt, es geht um | No | Es gibt Probleme. → Hier gibt es Probleme. |
| 4. Pointer to a clause | Points to a dass-clause or zu-phrase | Often | Es freut mich, dass du da bist. → Mich freut (es), dass du da bist. |
| 5. Placeholder | Only fills position 1 | Yes | Es warten viele Kunden. → Heute warten viele Kunden. |
The main points
- Es replaces das-nouns and is the subject for weather and time.
- Weather es stays after the verb: Heute regnet es.
- Es gibt is always singular and takes the accusative.
- Placeholder es only fills position 1 and disappears otherwise.
- Feelings use the dative without es: Mir ist kalt.