B2 · Formal prepositions · about 15 min
Prepositions with nouns without an article
Präpositionen ohne Artikel
After inklusive, ab, ohne or voller, a singular noun without an article takes no ending: inklusive Versand.
Prepositions with bare singular nouns (zero article)
| Preposition | Meaning | Case with article | Form with bare singular noun | Real-life invoice example | English translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| inklusive (inkl.) | including | Genitive | No ending (base form) | Rechnungsbetrag inklusive Mehrwertsteuer | Invoice total including VAT |
| exklusive (exkl.) | excluding | Genitive | No ending (base form) | Nettopreis exklusive Versand | Net price excluding delivery |
| ab | from / starting | Dative | No ending (base form) | Lieferung ab Lager | Delivery from the warehouse |
| ohne | without | Accusative | No ending (base form) | Zahlbar ohne Skonto | Payable without cash discount |
| voller | full of | Invariable | No ending (base form) | Ein Vorgang voller Zweifel | A process full of doubts |
The main points
- A bare singular noun takes no ending: inklusive Versand, ab Werk.
- No genitive -s after inklusive: inklusive Frühstück, not Frühstücks.
- An adjective shows the case: ab nächstem Monat, ohne zusätzlichen Aufpreis.
- voller never changes and takes no article: voller Zweifel.
- On bills and price lists, the bare noun is the usual style.