B1 · Word building and nuance · about 15 min

Focus words: nur, sogar, erst, selbst

Fokuspartikeln: nur, sogar, erst, selbst

nur, erst, sogar and selbst spotlight the word right after them: Die Besprechung beginnt erst um elf.

Core meanings and functions

ParticleMain functionEnglish meaningWhat it highlights
nurExclusivity / limitation"only", "just"Amounts, limits, exclusive choices
erstTemporal earliness / delayed start"only", "not until", "first"Clock times, dates, conditions, age
sogarSurprising addition"even"Unexpected elements, surprises
selbstSurprising subject/object"even" (interchangeable with sogar)Unlikely people, extreme cases

The main points

  • Focus words stand right before the word they spotlight.
  • nur: a limit, only this and nothing else.
  • erst: times and early stages, not until (erst um acht).
  • sogar and selbst before a noun mean "even".
  • selbst after the verb means by oneself: Ich mache das selbst.