C2 · Style and structure · about 21 min

Formal text connectors

Textverknüpfer: geschweige denn, demzufolge

Formal texts link arguments with folglich, demnach, demzufolge and geschweige denn: Er hat kein Auto, geschweige denn ein Haus.

Learn first:Formal concession

Word class and word order

ConnectorWord classPositionWord orderEnglish
folglichConnecting adverb (Konjunktionaladverb)Position 1 or MittelfeldIn position 1: verb second, then subjectconsequently, therefore
demnachConnecting adverb; can also mark a sourcePosition 1 or MittelfeldIn position 1: verb second, then subjectaccordingly, hence
demzufolgeConnecting adverb (Konjunktionaladverb)Position 1 or MittelfeldIn position 1: verb second, then subjectas a result, consequently
geschweige dennCoordinating conjunctionBetween the two parts (position 0)Links parallel phrases or infinitive groupslet alone, much less

The main points

  • folglich: a strict logical conclusion (therefore).
  • demnach: a conclusion from data, or what a source says.
  • demzufolge: a result in the economy, an institution or the law.
  • In position 1: no comma, verb second: Folglich ist …
  • geschweige denn needs a negative before it and parallel parts.